The Hawaiian Cleaner Wrasse - 941 Words

Labroides phthirophagus Randall 1958, otherwise commonly known as the Hawaiian cleaner wrasse, Royal cleaner wrasse or Louse-eating wrasse. The Hawaiian cleaner wrasse is a small fish with an elongated, slender, compressiform body type. It has a tapered head and pointed snout with large lips, used for aiding in feeding. It is a labriform median paired fin swimmer and has a homocercal caudal fin. The Hawaiian Cleaner Wrasse swims with quick and flowing dance like movements. According to Spencer Wilkie Tinker, author of â€Å"Fishes of Hawaii† the average length of an adult Hawaiian Cleaner Wrasse is 3.5 inches, with the maximum length being from 4-5 inches. (S.W. Tinker 1978). The Hawaiian Cleaner Wrasse are similar to other cleaner wrasse species. One characteristic that sets the Hawaiian Cleaner Wrasse apart from other species is its vibrant coloration. Adults have a bright neon yellow color along the anterior portion of their body, and neon purple/indigo on the posterior end. A black stripe runs horizontally through their eye from head to tail. The coloration of juveniles are slightly different. Juveniles are black with a neon purple stripe along the dorsal portion of the body. Its bright neon coloration is a poster color to advertise its cleaning services to other fish species. L. phthirophagus is endemic to Hawaii which means it can only be found exclusively in the waters near Hawaii. Although the population distribution of L. phthirophagus is only found near Hawaii, it is

Getting to Know Christopher Columbus - 911 Words

Christopher Columbus, as we now know he accomplished a lot during his life. Although many are disputed and questions have been raised as to why we celebrate Columbus Day. One could find the when, how and where of Christopher Columbus an interesting subject for discourse. After all, we are talking about the man who discovered the land we now call America. We will not even consider the people, the Native Americans who lived here first as discovering America. Maybe it should be taught just a tad differently and instead say that Columbus discovered American for Europe. In the year 1451, Genoa, Italy, Christopher was born to Domenico and Susanna (Fontanarossa). Christopher was the oldest of five brothers. Genoa was a seaport city located on the northwest coast of Italy. Completing his education at an early age Christopher began sailing on trading trips. As the years passed, Christopher moved to Spain, where he eventually changed his given name Cristoforo Colombo to Cristà ³bal Colà ³ n since He began a map making company with his brother Bartholomew in 1476. By 1479 Christopher had met and wedded Felipa Perestrello Moniz a daughter of a Portuguese Island Governor. Felipa gave him a son Diego in 1480 shortly before she passed away. In 1488 his second son Fernando was born to Beatriz Enriquez de Arana. Now that we are ready to begin our own voyage of discovery about the man himself Christopher Columbus. Northern Africa was controlled by the Turkish Empire in the late 1400’s, whichShow MoreRelatedEssay on Christopher Columbus? Or Not Christopher Columbus?1329 Words   |  6 Pages On Columbus Day students across the nation will learn how Columbus discovered the New World and about his fantastic travels to the New World. Children will learn poems, stories, songs and rhymes about his travels and about himself as well on this day. When introduced to Columbus as a young student he is portrayed as a respectful gentleman and as a hero, when in reality he is a selfish man who takes advantage of lesser people and schools should be teaching their students about who Columbus reallyRead MoreChristopher Colombus1074 Words   |  5 PagesAs the great explorers Christopher Columbus and James Cook were recognized and honored in having great explorations in the world history. They encountered some Natives of countries in their individual explorations and in this essay I will compare and con trast the Columbus’s and Cook’s views of the natives they encountered. Christopher Columbus discovered native people from North America and Captain James Cook discovered them from Hawaii. They both kept journals of their experiences so now we areRead MorePlagiarism : Playing With Fire Essay1523 Words   |  7 PagesAlbert Dominguez Dr. Grubic Comp and Rhet. 23 October 2016 Plagiarism: Playing with Fire Accuracy is one of the main aspects that makes people take information seriously. Without accuracy one will never know the truth. Some teachers can go from saying Christopher Columbus did not find America to saying he found America and raped and killed numerous of Indian women. Or some people may state that the President does not have executive powers to instead declaring the President s ability to bypassRead More3 European Explorers839 Words   |  4 PagesThe life amp; times of three European explorers Introduction: In this essay you will be reading about the legacy of three explorers during renaissance. Firstly you will be reading about Marco Polo secondly about Christopher Columbus and lastly Ferdinand Magellan. These explorers have all changed the world by adding to the world map and proving things that no one else has discovered or seen before Marco Polo Marco Polo was a voyager, born in Venice, Italy. He was born on September 15thRead MoreChristopher Columbus : A Hero Of The American Eyes906 Words   |  4 PagesChristopher Columbus is a person that all of America is thankful for because he is looked at as a hero in the American eyes, because he was the one that founded our land. Through well-known stories about Christopher Columbus, children learn of an explorer with an amazing imagination who stumbled upon America in a pursuit to prove the world is round; however, the true story would not allow Americans to portray Columbus heroically. Introduce Sources. Research reveals that Christopher Columbus is notRead MoreThe First Day Of School994 Words   |  4 Pagesold time. As we started on the first day of school I did not think I would learn so much in such a little amount of time. For example , I did not know that the people that make school books doesn’t need a degree , which mean almost anyone can be a member of the school board in Texas. The head of the Texas school board is a dentist, the man does not know how public school function and yet we the people are the one that votes for them. According to the class notes, historian first writes our booksRead MoreEssay on The Voyage Of Christopher Columbus1497 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican History I Christopher Columbus Voyage to North America Spanish exploration first began with a series of revolutions. First, the Commercial Revolution generated economic stability. Second, the Intellectual Revolution generated interest in the Earths composition and the pursuit of exploration. Europe then called for a political revolution to end the disorganized and disorderly rule of its government. This revolution returned order and stability to the government and renewed interestRead MoreIs Christopher Columbus A Good Man?990 Words   |  4 Pagestaught throughout our lives is. Our History classes lacked genuine information about our History, we were really taught only what they wanted us to know and not exactly what had happened in the past. This semester we talked about many subjects that our education system has failed to talk about accurately. For example we talked about Christopher Columbus, the Pilgrims, Slavery, the Civil War, the Progressives, the Gilded Age, World War II, the Cold War and The Vietnam War. With each topic we eachRead MoreA Man Named Christopher Columbus1238 Words   |  5 PagesA man named Christopher Columbus, as we all know as a superb sailor and navigator. We find him more human like and interesting in the book then what we thought of him while reading our history text books. Christopher was a happy cheerful, confident man, he was always so sure he would succeed. He had such good focus when he was sailing, also having no doubt that the world was round. He commanded a fleet of three smaller caravels, The Nina, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria. Leaving on the date of AugustRead MoreThe Voyage of Christopher Columbus1541 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican History I 07/08/05 Christopher Columbus Voyage to North America Spanish exploration first began with a series of revolutions. First, the Commercial Revolution generated economic stability. Second, the Intellectual Revolution generated interest in the Earths composition and the pursuit of exploration. Europe then called for a political revolution to end the disorganized and disorderly rule of its government. This revolution returned order and stability to the government and renewed interest

The Return Shadow Souls Chapter 33 Free Essays

string(34) " little distance from the others\." To her surprise, Elena felt no anger, only a determination to protect Stefan if she could. And then she saw that in the cell she’d assumed was empty, there was a kitsune. The kitsune looked nothing like Shinichi or Misao. We will write a custom essay sample on The Return: Shadow Souls Chapter 33 or any similar topic only for you Order Now He had long, long hair as white as snow – but his face was young. He was wearing all white, too, tunic and breeches out of some flowing, silky material and his tail practically filled the small cell, it was so fluffy. He also had fox ears which twitched this way and that. His eyes were the gold of fireworks. He was gorgeous. The kitsune coughed again. Then he produced – from his long hair, Elena thought, a very, very small and thin-skinned leather bag. Like, Elena thought, the perfect bag for one perfect jewel. Now the kitsune took a pretend bottle of Black Magic (it was heavy and a pretend drink was delicious), and filled the little bag with it. Then he took a pretend syringe (he held it as Dr. Meggar had and tapped it to get the bubbles out) and filled it from the little bag. Finally, he stuck the pretend syringe through his own bars and depressed his thumb, emptying it. â€Å"I can feed you Black Magic wine,† Elena translated. â€Å"With his little pouch I can hold it and fill the syringe. Dr. Meggar could fill the syringe, too. But there’s no time, so I’m going to do it.† â€Å"I – † began Stefan. â€Å"You are going to drink as fast as you can.† Elena loved Stefan, wanted to hear his voice, wanted to fill her eyes with him, but there was a life to be saved, and the life was his. She took the little pouch with a bow of thanks to the kitsune and left her cloak on the floor. She was too intent on Stefan to even remember how she was dressed. Her hands wanted to shake but she wouldn’t let them. She had three bottles of Black Magic here: her own, in her cloak, Dr. Meggar’s, and somewhere, in his cloak, Damon’s. So with the delicate efficiency of a machine, she repeated what the kitsune had shown her over and over. Dip, pull up lever, push through bars, squirt. Over and over and over. After about a dozen of these Elena developed a new technique, the catapult. Filling the tiny bag with wine and holding it by the top until Stefan got his mouth positioned, and then, all in one motion, smashing the bag with her palm and squirting a fair amount straight into Stefan’s mouth. It got the bars sticky, it got Stefan sticky; it would never have worked if the steel had been razor-sharp for him, but it actually forced a surprising amount down his throat. The other bottle of Black Magic wine she put in the kitsune’s cell, which had regular bars. She didn’t quite know how to thank him, but when she could spare a second, she turned to him and smiled. He was chugging the Black Magic straight from the bottle, and his face was set in an expression of cool, appreciative pleasure. The end came too quickly. Elena heard Sage’s voice booming, â€Å"It is no fair! Elena will not be ready! Elena has not had enough time with him!† Elena didn’t need an anvil dropped on her head. She shoved the last bottle of Black Magic wine into the kitsune’s cell, she bowed for the last time and gave him back his tiny pouch – but with the canary diamond from her navel in it. It was the largest piece of jewelry she had left and she saw him turn it over precisely in long-nailed fingers and then rise to his feet and make a tiny bow to her. There was a moment for a mutual smile and then Elena was cleaning up Dr. Meggar’s bag, and pulling on her red cloak. Then she was turning to Stefan, jelly inside once more, gasping: â€Å"I’m so sorry. I didn’t mean to make it a medical visit.† â€Å"But you saw the chance to save my life and just couldn’t pass it up.† Sometimes the brothers were very much alike. â€Å"Stefan, don’t! Oh, I love you!† â€Å"Elena.† He kissed her fingers, pressed to the bars. Then, to the guards: â€Å"No, please, please, don’t take her away! For pity’s sake, give us one more minute! Just one!† But Elena had to let go of his fingers to hold her cloak together. The last she saw of Stefan, he was pounding on the bars with his fists and calling, â€Å"Elena, I love you! Elena!† Then Elena was dragged out of the hallway and a door shut between them. She sagged. Arms went around her, helped her to walk. Elena got angry! If Stefan was being put back in his old lice-ridden cell – as she supposed he was, right about now – he was being made to walk. And these demons did nothing gently, she knew that. He was probably being driven like an animal with sharp instruments of wood. Elena could walk, too. As they reached the front of the Shi no Shi lobby Elena looked around. â€Å"Where’s Damon?† â€Å"In the coach,† Sage answered in his gentlest voice. â€Å"He needed some time.† Part of Elena said, â€Å"I’ll give him time! Time to scream once before I rip his throat out!† But the rest of her was just sad. â€Å"I didn’t get to say anything I wanted to say. I wanted to tell him how sorry Damon is; and how Damon’s changed. He didn’t even remember that Damon had been there – â€Å" â€Å"He talked to you?† Sage seemed astonished. The two of them, Sage and Elena, walked out of the final marble doors of the building of the Gods of Death. That was the name Elena had chosen for it in her own mind. The carriage was at the curb in front of them, but no one got in. Instead, Sage gently steered Elena a little distance from the others. You read "The Return: Shadow Souls Chapter 33" in category "Essay examples" There he put his large hands on her shoulders and spoke, still in that very soft voice, â€Å"Mon Dieu, my child, but I do not want to say this to you. It is that I must. I fear that even if we get your Stefan out of jail by the day of Lady Bloddeuwedd’s party that – that it will be too late. In three days he will already be†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Is that your medical opinion?† Elena said sharply, looking up at him. She knew her face was pinched and white and that he pitied her greatly, but what she wanted was an answer. â€Å"I am not a medical man,† he said slowly. â€Å"I am just another vampire.† â€Å"Just another Old One?† Sage’s eyebrows went up. â€Å"Now, what gave you that little idea?† â€Å"Nothing. I’m sorry if I’m wrong. But will you please get Dr. Meggar?† Sage looked at her for a long minute more, then departed to get the doctor. Both men came back. Elena was ready for them. â€Å"Dr. Meggar, Sage only saw Stefan at the beginning, before you gave him that injection. It was Sage’s opinion that Stefan would be dead in three days. Given the effects of the injection, do you agree?† Dr. Meggar peered at her and she could see the shine of tears in his short-sighted eyes. â€Å"It is – possible – just possible that if he has enough willpower, he could still be alive by then. But most likely†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Would it make any difference to your opinion if I said that he drank maybe a third of a bottle of Black Magic wine tonight?† Both men stared at her. â€Å"Are you saying – â€Å" â€Å"Is this just a plan you have now?† â€Å"Please!† Forgetting about her cape, forgetting everything, Elena grasped Dr. Meggar’s hands. â€Å"I found a way to get him to drink about that much. Does it make a difference?† She squeezed the elderly hands until she could feel bone. â€Å"It certainly should.† Dr. Meggar looked bewildered and afraid to hope. â€Å"If you really got that much into his system, he would be almost certain to live until the night of Bloddeuwedd’s party. That’s what you want, isn’t it?† Elena sank back, unable to resist giving his hands a little kiss as she let go. â€Å"And now let’s go tell Damon the good news,† she said. In the carriage, Damon was sitting bolt upright, his profile outlined against a blood-red sky. Elena got in and shut the door behind her. With no expression at all, he said, â€Å"Is it over?† â€Å"Over?† Elena wasn’t really this dense, but she figured it was important that Damon be clear in his own mind as to what he was asking. â€Å"Is he – dead?† Damon said wearily, pinching the bridge of his nose with his fingers. Elena allowed the silence to go on for a few beats longer. Damon must know Stefan was not likely to actually die in the next half hour. Now that he wasn’t getting instant confirmation of this his head snapped up. â€Å"Elena, tell me! What happened?† he demanded, urgency in his voice. â€Å"Is my brother dead?† â€Å"No,† Elena said quietly. â€Å"But he’s likely to die in a few days. He was coherent this time, Damon. Why didn’t you speak to him?† There was an almost palpable drawing-in on Damon’s part. â€Å"What do I have to say to him that matters?† he asked harshly. â€Å"‘Oh, I’m sorry I almost killed you’? ‘Oh, I hope you make it another few days’?† â€Å"Things like that, maybe, if you lose the sarcasm.† â€Å"When I die,† Damon said cuttingly, â€Å"I’m going to be standing on my own two feet and fighting.† Elena slapped him across the mouth. There wasn’t room to get much leverage here, but she put as much Power behind the motion as she dared without risking breaking the carriage. Afterward, there was a long silence. Damon was touching his bleeding lip, accelerating the healing, swallowing his own blood. Finally he said, â€Å"It never even occurred to you that you are my slave, did it? That I’m your master?† â€Å"If you’re going to retreat into fantasy, that’s your affair,† Elena said. â€Å"Myself, I have to deal with the real world. And, by the way, soon after you ran away, Stefan was not only standing but laughing.† â€Å"Elena† – on a quick rising note. â€Å"You found a way to give him blood?† He grasped her arm so hard it hurt. â€Å"Not blood. A little Black Magic. With two of us there, it would have gone twice as fast.† â€Å"There were three of you there.† â€Å"Sage and Dr. Meggar had to distract the guards.† Damon took his hand away. â€Å"I see,† he said, expressionlessly. â€Å"So I failed him yet again.† Elena looked at him with sympathy. â€Å"You’re completely inside the stone ball now, aren’t you?† â€Å"I don’t know what you’re talking about.† â€Å"The stone ball you stick anything that might hurt you inside. You even draw yourself inside it, although it must be very cramped in there. Katherine must be in there, I suppose, walled off in her own little chamber.† She remembered the night at the hotel. â€Å"And your mother, of course. I should say, Stefan’s mother. She was the mother you knew.† â€Å"Don’t†¦my mother†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Damon couldn’t even form a coherent sentence. Elena knew what he wanted. He wanted to be held and soothed and told it was all right – just the two of them, under her cloak with her warm arms holding him. But he wasn’t going to get it. This time she was saying no. She had promised Stefan that this was for him, alone. And, she thought, she would keep to the spirit of that promise, if she hadn’t kept to the letter, forever. As the week progressed, Elena was able to recover from the pain of seeing Stefan. Although none of them could speak about it except in choked, brief exclamations, they listened when Elena said that there was still a job to be done, and that if they managed to complete it well they would be able to go home soon – while if they did not complete it, Elena didn’t care whether she went home or stayed here in the Dark Dimension. Home! It had the sound of a haven, even though Bonnie and Meredith knew firsthand what kind of hell was lurking in Fell’s Church for them. But somehow anything would be preferable to this land of bloody light. With hope kindling interest in their surroundings, they were once again able to feel pleasure at the dresses Lady Ulma was having made for them. Designing was the one pursuit that the lady could still enjoy during her official bed rest, and Lady Ulma had been hard at work with her sketchbook. Since Bloddeuwedd’s party would be an indoor/outdoor affair, all three dresses had to be carefully designed to be attractive both under candlelight and under the giant red sun’s crimson rays. Meredith’s gown was deep metallic blue, violet in the sunlight, and it showed an entirely different side of the girl from the siren in the skin-tight mermaid dress who had attended Fazina’s gala. It reminded Elena somehow of something an Egyptian princess would wear. Once again, it left Meredith’s arms and shoulders bare, but the modest narrow skirt that fell in straight lines to her sandals, and the delicacy of the sapphire beads that adorned the shoulder straps served to give Meredith an unassuming look. That look was emphasized by Meredith’s hair, which Lady Ulma dictated be worn down, and her face, which was bare of makeup except kohl around the eyes. At her throat, a necklace made of the very largest oval-cut sapphires formed an elaborate collar. She also had matching blue gems on her wrists and slender fingers. Bonnie’s dress was a little clever invention: it was made of a silvery material which took on a pastel tinge of the color of the ambient lighting. Moonlight-colored indoors, it shone a soft shimmering pink, almost exactly the color of Bonnie’s strawberry hair, when she was outside. It sported a belt, necklace, bracelets, earrings, and rings all of matching cabochon-cut white opals. Bonnie’s curls were to be carefully pinned up and away from her face, in a daringly mussed-up mass, leaving her translucent skin to shine softly rose in the sunlight, and ethereally pale inside. Once again, Elena’s dress was the simplest and the most striking. Her gown was scarlet, the same color under blood-red sun or indoor gas lamp. It was rather low cut, giving her creamy skin a chance to shine golden in the sunlight. Clinging close to her figure, it was slashed up one side to give her room to walk or dance. On the afternoon of the party Lady Ulma had Elena’s hair carefully brushed into a tangled cloud that shimmered Titian outdoors, golden indoors. Her jewelry ranged from an inset of diamonds at the bottom of the neckline, to diamonds on her fingers, wrists and one upper arm, plus a diamond choker that fit over Stefan’s necklace. All these would blaze as red as rubies in the sunlight, but would occasionally glint another startling color, like a burst of mini-fireworks. Onlookers, Lady Ulma promised, would be dazzled. â€Å"But I can’t wear these,† Elena had protested to Lady Ulma. â€Å"I might not get to see you again before we get Stefan – and from that moment we’re on the run!† â€Å"It’s the same for all of us,† Meredith had added quietly, looking at each of the girls in their â€Å"indoor† colors of silvery-blue, scarlet, and opal. â€Å"We’re all wearing the most jewelry we’ve ever worn indoors or out – but you might lose it all!† â€Å"And you might need it all,† Lucen had said quietly. â€Å"All the more reason for you each to have jewelry that you can trade for carriages, safety, food, whatever. It’s simply designed, too – you can wrench out a stone and use it as payment, and the jewels are not in an elaborate setting that might not be to some collector’s taste.† â€Å"In addition to which, they are all of the highest quality,† Lady Ulma had added. â€Å"They are the most flawless examples of their kind we could get on such short notice.† At that point, all three girls had reached their limit, and rushed the couple – Lady Ulma on her enormous bed, sketchbook always beside her, and Lucen standing nearby – and cried and kissed and generally undid the beautiful jobs that had been done on their faces. â€Å"You’re like angels to us, do you know that?† Elena sobbed. â€Å"Just like fairy godparents or angels! I don’t know how I can say good-bye!† â€Å"Like angels,† Lady Ulma had said then, wiping a tear from Elena’s cheek. Then she grasped Elena, saying â€Å"Look!† and gestured to herself comfortably in bed, with a couple of blooming, dewy-eyed young women ready to attend to her wishes. Lady Ulma had then nodded at the window, out of which a small mill stream could be seen, and some plum trees, with ripe fruit blazing like jewels on the branches, and then with a sweep of her hand indicated the gardens, orchards, fields, and forests on the estate. Then she had taken Elena’s hand and smoothed it over her own softly curving abdomen. â€Å"You see?† she had spoken almost in a whisper. â€Å"Do you see all of this – and can you remember how you found me? Which of us is an angel now?† At the words â€Å"how you found me† Elena’s hands had flown up to cover her face – as if she’d been unable to bear what memory showed her at that moment. Then she was hugging and kissing Lady Ulma again, and a whole new round of cosmetic-destroying embraces had begun. â€Å"Master Damon was even kind enough to buy Lucen,† Lady Ulma had said, â€Å"and you may not be able to picture it, but† – here she had looked at the quiet, bearded jeweler with eyes full of tears – â€Å"I feel for him as you feel for your Stefan.† And then she had blushed and hidden her face in her hands. â€Å"He’s freeing Lucen today,† Elena had said, dropping to her knees to rest her head against Lady Ulma’s pillow. â€Å"And giving the estate to you irrevocably. He’s had a lawyer – an advocate, you’d say – working on the papers all week with a Guardian. They’re done now, and even if that hideous general should come back, he couldn’t touch you. You have your home forever.† More crying. More kissing. Sage, who had been innocently walking down the hallway, whistling, after a romp with his dog, Saber, had passed Lady Ulma’s room and had been drawn in. â€Å"We’ll all miss you, too!† Elena had wept. â€Å"Oh, thank you!† Later that day, Damon had made good on all of Elena’s promises, besides giving a large bonus to each member of the staff. The air had been full of metallic confetti, rose petals, music, and cries of farewell as Damon, Elena, Bonnie, and Meredith had been carried to Bloddeuwedd’s party – and away forever. â€Å"Come to think of it, why didn’t Damon free us?† Bonnie asked Meredith as they rode in litters toward Bloddeuwedd’s mansion. â€Å"I can understand that we needed to be slaves to get into this world, but we’re in now. Why not make honest girls of us?† â€Å"Bonnie, we’re honest girls already,† Meredith reminded her. â€Å"And I think the point is that we were never real slaves at all.† â€Å"Well, I meant: Why doesn’t he free us so that everyone knows we’re honest girls, Meredith, and you know it.† â€Å"Because you can’t free somebody who’s free already, that’s why.† â€Å"But he could have gone through the ceremony,† Bonnie persisted. â€Å"Or is it really hard to free a slave here?† â€Å"I don’t know,† Meredith said, breaking at last under this tireless inquisition. â€Å"But I’ll tell you why I think he doesn’t do it. I think that it’s because this way he’s responsible for us. I mean, it’s not that slaves can’t be punished – we saw that with Elena.† Meredith paused while they both shuddered at the memory. â€Å"But, ultimately, it’s the slave owner that can lose their life over it. Remember, they wanted to stake Damon for what Elena did.† â€Å"So he’s doing it for us? To protect us?† â€Å"I don’t know. I†¦suppose so,† Meredith said slowly. â€Å"Then – I guess we’ve been wrong about him in the past?† Bonnie generously said â€Å"we’ve† instead of â€Å"you’ve.† Meredith had always been the one of Elena’s group most resistant to Damon’s charm. â€Å"I†¦suppose so,† Meredith said again. â€Å"Although it seems that everyone is forgetting that until recently Damon helped the kitsune twins to put Stefan here! And Stefan definitely hadn’t done anything to deserve it.† â€Å"Well, of course that’s true,† Bonnie said, sounding relieved not to have been too wrong, and at the same time strangely wistful. â€Å"All Stefan ever wanted from Damon was peace and quiet,† Meredith continued, as if on more steady ground there. â€Å"And Elena,† Bonnie added automatically. â€Å"Yes, yes – and Elena. But all Elena wanted was Stefan! I mean – all Elena wants†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Meredith’s voice trailed off. The sentence didn’t seem to work properly in the present tense anymore. She tried again. â€Å"All Elena wants now is†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Bonnie just watched her speechlessly. â€Å"Well, whatever she wants,† Meredith concluded, rather shaken, â€Å"she wants Stefan to be a part of it. And she doesn’t want any of us to have to stay here – in this†¦this hellhole.† In another litter just beside them things were very quiet. Bonnie and Meredith were so used by now to traveling in closed litters that they hadn’t even realized that another palanquin had drawn abreast of them and that their voices carried clearly in the hot, still afternoon air. In the second litter, Damon and Elena both looked very hard at the silken curtains fluttering open. Now, Elena, with an almost mad air of needing something to do, hurriedly unwound a cord and the curtains dropped into place. It was a mistake. It closed Elena and Damon into a surreal glowing red oblong, in which only the words that they had just heard seemed to have validity. Elena felt her breath coming too quickly. Her aura was slipping. Everything was slipping sideways. They don’t believe that I only want to be with Stefan! â€Å"Steady on,† Damon said. â€Å"This is the last night. By tomorrow – â€Å" Elena held up a hand to keep him from saying it. â€Å"By tomorrow we’ll have found the key and gotten Stefan and we’ll be out of here,† Damon said anyway. Jinx, thought Elena. And sent up a prayer after it. They rode in silence up toward Bloddeuwedd’s grand mansion. For a surprisingly long time Elena didn’t realize that Damon was trembling. It was a quick, involuntary shaken breath that alerted her. â€Å"Damon! Dear – dear heaven!† Elena was stricken, at a loss, not for words, but for the right words. â€Å"Damon, look at me! Why?† Why? Damon replied in the only voice he could trust not to tremble or crack or break. Because – do you ever think of what’s happening to Stefan while you’re going to a party wearing splendid clothes, being carried along, to drink the finest wine and to dance – while he – while he – The thought remained unfinished. This is just what I needed right before being seen in public, Elena thought, as they reached the long driveway to Bloddeuwedd’s home. She tried to call on all of her resources before the curtains were drawn and they were free to step out at the location of the second half of the key. How to cite The Return: Shadow Souls Chapter 33, Essay examples

Human Resource Management Strategy free essay sample

Human Resource Management Strategy:Intangible assets Talk about ‘strategy’ we can trace back to a general Greek word ‘strategos’. It means ‘army’ and ‘lead’. (Bracker, 1980 cited in whittington,1993). The same as the case of HRM, traditional HRM not taken serious until it undergo the test of time. Intangible assets include trademark, copyright, business secret and so on. Human Resource is the significant intangible assets of enterprise competition ability today. Sometimes intangible assets are valuable than physical assets. For example†¦ The John Lewis Partnership has been developing an unusual HRM strategy. This enterprise divides to two subsidiaries of the John Lewis Department Stores and the Waitrose supermarket chain. There are about 66,000 staffs which named ‘partners’ not ‘employees’ working for JLP. Further, this organization is owned by all partners not employer. There is a complicate organization structure for a democratic enterprise. Each democratic bodies has right to decide their representatives by voting. Their HRM strategy focuses on ‘employer of distinction’ and emphasis on a fair competition model. We will write a custom essay sample on Human Resource Management Strategy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The centre of the strategy is ‘powered by our principles’ (PbOP) which comprises faithful, honesty, esteem, commission, achieving common target. First of all, they have a set of method for each stage of the partners’ career. For instance: evaluating, recruitment, training, promotion and so on. Each partners’ behaviors were reported. Following, other feature is setting appropriate work-life balance to ensure the balance between home, leisure and work. There is a career vacation plan for every partner with five years’ work. There are a large number of benefits which partners can choice by themselves. Such as travel to a desirable country, check in luxury hotel and boating. Thirdly, HRM strategies of JLP maintain competitive salary and attractive benefit based on annual financial reports. Such as 2005, the organization take out 15% profits as bonus which cost 1870 pounds for each partners. It is approximately triple folds than Marks Spencer’s bonus which paid 500 pounds for each employee. John Lewis also has a unique non-contributory strategy of pension. Compare with companies in this industry such as Tesco and Sainsbury, they require contribution and even raise the contribution rate. Finally, there is a magazine named The Gazette which all level partners can publish anonymous article to criticize managers even chairman and afford information to all partners. John Lewis who is the founder of JLP recognized a freedom work circumstance is one of the keys to succeed. John Lewis Partners was ranked NO. 1 in for salary and bonus and NO. 4 in the guardian best entrepreneur in 2005. In opinion polls, John Lewis was called the best fair employer. John Lewis Department Stores and Waitrose, they belong to one organization. The strategy of John Lewis Department Store is a little bit similar to that of Semco which is a democratic company. They both used HRM strategy successfully. There are several advantages of democratic organization. Such as their employees are more enthusiastic and more active for their work, more accurate decision-making by make every staffs’ suggestion together because of two hands are better than one and attract more talent to their companies. Democracy must become a mainstream management strategy as intangible assets. All in all, while traditional HRM strategy is always downplayed by organization, nowadays HRM strategy as a significant intangible asset becomes more and more popular. Although intangible assets cannot be seen and touched, it makes a huge number of invisible money. Use these intangible assets can bring unexpected rewards. With the development of HR, more potential competence can be found.

Concepts, characteristics, and models of B2B and sales from catalogs

Abstract Firms have recognized the ability of B2B e-commerce to act as a hub by connecting businesses in an electronic marketplace. This has led to an increment in the number of firms doing their business operations in electronic way. The e-commerce has transformed business activities that were previously constrained by locations, costs, and time. Business professionals believe that the e-commerce shall eventually transform supply and value chains with effective solutions that can enhance efficiency in specific business processes.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Concepts, characteristics, and models of B2B and sales from catalogs specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Introduction Business-to-business (B2B) companies deal directly with other businesses instead of individuals consumers. E-business provides opportunity for firms to handle their operations directly with others in the supply chain because all tran sactions take place on an online platform. B2B enhances the relationship between various organizations for mutually advantageous results. The Internet has offered firms the opportunity to connect with other firms anywhere. This has promoted competition and increased delivery of services. The B2B model assists in enhancing the level of efficiency operations and quality in services without extra costs, and it makes transaction simple at any time and place. The B2B model focuses on four main areas. These include developing strong direct business relationships, improving operational efficiency, promoting business growth, and matching business competition in the marketplace. An online business model has allowed firms to conduct their operations efficiently and enhance timeliness and correctness of business transactions. Thus, they have been able to eliminate errors that result from wrong inputs and subsequent deliveries. Firms also connect directly to their suppliers, which enable them t o develop their relationships and brand images. B2B Concepts B2B e-commerce takes place electronically via the â€Å"Internet, extranets, intranets, or private networks† (Loshin, 2005). It is also known as â€Å"eB2B (electronic B2B) or just B2B† (Loshin, 2005). The three major forms of B2B e-commerce models are mainly transactional, process, and strategic relationships. The transactional model focuses on a given online approach for doing transactions within the supply chain. In addition, it applies the same approach to the whole system. Process-based B2B model takes place between two firms with a common business process. The process enhances efficiency between the two organizations. Strategic relationship model may comprise of two or more firms that have connected their business systems and processes in most areas of business operations.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Firms have adopted e-business because of the inherent values in the technology. The system saves time, reduces costs, workforce, and eliminates most of the errors in business processes. Figure 1: B2B e-commerce models Key business drivers for B2B There are three main factors, which drive e-commerce. These are economic forces, changes in marketing and interactions with customers, and development in technology. Economic forces are mainly evident in areas of cost reduction, efficiency in processes due to availability of technology, low-costs, increased speed in transactions, low costs of sharing and advertising the business, and availability of affordable customer service tools. Economic integration can take place both inside and outside a firm. Externally, integration involves electronic links with other organizations, suppliers, customers, and other business partners. These entities communicate virtually in a single environment in which the Internet is the mode of communication. Conversely, internal integration involves a network of different business units within the firm. A networked system of operations and processes provide effective way of document storage in electronic formats, which allow business departments to transmit information instantly. Corporate intranet is the best example of internal integration of operations and processes among various business units in a firm. This is common in major firms like Cisco, Nestle, IBM, and Intel among others. Marketing forces are responsible for the growth of e-commerce. The aim is to get attention of the global market through marketing and promotion. In this regard, the Internet has been an effective tool for improving customer services and support. Firms have noted that it is simple to provide business information through the Internet to their global customer base.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Concepts, characteristics, and models of B2B and sales from catal ogs specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The innovation in technology has been responsible for the rapid growth of the e-commerce. For instance, the development in document and data manipulation through digitalization, data transformation, integration, and resolution together with rise in open system technologies have strived to provide a single platform for communication. As a result, communication between partners has become efficient, easy, affordable, and fast as the need to create new forms of communications become irrelevant. For firms, customers, and their partners the possibility of relying on a single platform of communication offers the advantage of a streamed communication method. Technology has enhanced the concept of universal access, as most communication methods become convergence. High costs of setting communication channels like landline in areas with few customers have been a disincentive to many communication firms who focus on return on investment. Direct Sales from Catalogs Businesses usually have â€Å"one catalog for all customers and a customized catalog for each large customer† (Loshin, 2005) with aim of providing an opportunity for efficient customization of services. A direct sale is a company-based B2B model that concentrates on selling products and services. The supplier displays products and services on the catalog alongside a site for selling. The seller is a distributor or manufacturer who deals with several clients. Transactions take place via the Web site, which may be a Web-based platform for large firms or an extranet for small entities. In some cases, small entities have their own secured Web sites for conducting their business transactions. Firms may rely on direct selling through their â€Å"electronic catalogs requests for proposal (RFP), and selling via forward auctions, and or one-to-one dealing under a long-term contract† (Nguyen, 2009). The B2B direct selling allows firms to get the advantage of speedy business processes and elimination of rampant cases of errors. Such firms also have the advantage of reducing â€Å"order processing costs, logistics costs, and paperwork, especially the reduction of buyers’ search costs in finding sellers, competitive prices, and the reduction of sellers’ search costs in advertising to interested buyers† (Nguyen, 2009). Most multinational firms such as Dell and Cisco conduct their business with other organizations through secured online channels in which they can get all the order details as requested by a client.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Businesses have the opportunity to explore the entire catalog, select items, customize the list, save, and send for internal authorization prior to initiating an order. In addition, the platform offers tracking features, which allow customers to track and know the status of their order during the transaction. Still, customers can still track their orders during shipment. In direct sales catalog, a firm may pay fees or commissions for other entities that provided support and value-added services, but this usually depends on whether the distributor has not catered for such costs. A direct sale from catalogs has some limitations, which include â€Å"attracting buyers, channel conflicts, the method of electronic indication, and the required scale to operate efficiently† (Nguyen, 2009). In addition, there might be costs associated with value-added services and hosting services. In 2011, Endeca, a part of Oracle since 2012, conducted a study on the state of the B2B e-commerce in or der to assist other organizations improve their operations and processes. The study established that the â€Å"B2B online catalog and direct sales force continued to be key channels used by customers for decision-making† (Oracle-Endeca, 2012) as mobile platforms also gained a rate of significant growth as compared to previous studies. Merits of B2B e-commerce Businesses have touted the B2B business model as an innovative method of conducting business through the Internet. The model offers effective, efficient, and competitive advantages to users. Generally, the B2B e-commerce allows organizations to gain access to the global marketplace. Business transaction through the Internet has provided several opportunities for sellers and buyers to overcome challenges of time and geography. The system eliminates rampant cases of human errors and support real-time communication between organizations. In addition, Web-based communications have eliminated the need for costly modes of comm unication because businesses in the e-marketplace can afford the Internet. This model has addressed efficiently and effectively challenges associated with the supply chain management between entities. Business can control their supply chains in different processes in making the order (Kalakota and Robinson, 1999). It ends in effective coordination of business activities. The B2B e-commerce strengthens partnership between parties through supply chain management and sharing information for mutual benefits of all parties. In addition, the model has been effective tool for addressing customer relationship management and retention. An effective model helps firms in establishing loyal customers who get value and quality services from the firm. Limitations of B2B e-Commerce There are some challenges with the B2B e-commerce model. Some of these challenges include conflicts within the system, justification for high initial costs, integration challenges with partners who may be on different p latforms, and issues of trust among organizations because of sensitive information shared (Laudon Traver, 2007). In addition, Mohanbir Sawhney noted that most businesses executed their B2B models on a wrong concept (Sawhney, 2002). In most cases, firms already have established networks on managing their supplies. Therefore, if a firm adopts the B2B model, then it must change its operations and systems. Still, the other partners must also change their systems for compatibility. This situation may result in conflicts. The B2B e-commerce may not optimize its revenue generation due to a limited number of transactions. Thus, firms must generate enough revenues from few clients to cater for expenses. Justifying the need for such technologies may be difficult. A firm that has a sufficient number of customers, an established brand, and good prices can experience a thriving selling-side e-commerce. On buying-side, the volume of the trade should be enough to cover all costs in the business. Companies can reduce costs by outsourcing hosting services and value-added supports to its clients. This eliminates the need for running expensive systems. Integration with other systems is also technical aspects that may hinder B2B e-commerce model. Therefore, working with compatible software is necessary to avert operational challenges. New ventures may require initial a large number of buyers and seller to make them viable. However, this may be a challenge as the volume of transactions may not be enough to sustain and justify the costs. Therefore, a venture must have a substantial liquidity to fund the business before the volume of trade can increase. The B2B e-commerce involves â€Å"a full range of services, such as credit verification, insurance, payment, and delivery, is needed to attract small and medium businesses† (Nguyen, 2009). Verification is necessary because of online trading risks. Therefore, businesses would only trade with online firms, which can provide sec urity of their data. Firms must also promote high standards of business ethics in order to develop trust with partners. This also requires effective security measures for privacy and safety of partners. Conclusion Oracle-Endeca research indicated that the growth of B2B e-commerce has grown significantly. However, the model requires innovative approaches in order to thrive. Most businesses have limited their model to buying and selling. However, the model can also cover other areas like â€Å"collaborative commerce(c-commerce) and product life cycle maintenance in a Web-based system to meet final consumer demand by sharing information on product design, production planning, and forecasting or coordination† (Nguyen, 2009). Effective implementation of the model can eliminate challenges associated with the supply chain management and value creation. Most of the B2B e-commerce models face serious challenges of liquidity during initial stages. While some have been able to find buye rs and sellers, the challenge of â€Å"improving the efficiency and effectiveness of the processes by which they interact with existing suppliers and partners† (Sawhney, 2002) has emerged. This problem has escalated to other partners in the chain. The solution for B2B e-commerce is in effective software and solutions for improving business transactions in â€Å"specific business process† (Sawhney, 2002). References Kalakota, R. and Robinson, M. (1999). e-Business: Roadmap for Success. Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley. Laudon, C., Traver G.C. (2007). E-commerce: Business, Technology, Society (3rd Ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Loshin, P. (2005). Electronic Commerce. New Delhi: Laxmi Publications. Nguyen, D.-D. (2009). Business-to-Business (B2B) Internet Business Models – 2008. Retrieved from http://www.csun.edu/~dn58412/B2B_Models2008.pdf Oracle-Endeca. (2012). 2012 B2B E-Commerce Survey: Results and Trends. Redwood Shores, CA: Oracle Corporation. Saw hney, M. (2002). B2B: Execution of the Concept Is Key to Success. Retrieved from https://www.cio.com/article/2440810/b2b–execution-of-the-concept-is-key-to-success.html This research paper on Concepts, characteristics, and models of B2B and sales from catalogs was written and submitted by user C00per to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

An Overview of Chinas Traffic Troubles

An Overview of China's Traffic Troubles China hasn’t always had a problem with traffic, but over the past couple of decades, as China rapidly urbanizes, the country’s urban denizens have had to adapt their lives to a new phenomenon: gridlock. How Bad Is China’s Traffic Problem? It’s really bad. You may have heard about the China National Highway 10 traffic jam on the news back in 2010; it was 100 kilometers long and lasted ten days, involving thousands of cars. But outside of the mega-jams, most cities are plagued with daily traffic that rivals the worst gridlock in Western cities. And thats despite a plethora of affordable public transportation options and anti-traffic legislation in many cities that mandates (for example) that cars with even and odd-numbered license plates must drive on alternating days, so only half of the city’s cars can legally take to the road at any given time. Of course, China’s urban traffic jams are also a major factor in its pollution problems. Why Is Traffic in China so Bad? There are a number of reasons for China’s traffic congestion woes: Like most older cities around the world, many of Chinas cities were not designed for cars. They were also not designed to support the massive populations they now boast (Beijing, for example, has more than 20 million people). As a result, in many cities, the roads are simply not big enough.Cars are considered a status symbol. In China, buying a car often isn’t as much about convenience as it is about showing that you can buy a car because you’re enjoying a successful career. Lots of white-collar workers in Chinese cities who might otherwise be satisfied with public transportation buy cars in the name of keeping up with (and impressing) the Joneses, and once they’ve got the cars, they feel obliged to use them.China’s roads are full of new drivers. Even a decade ago, cars were far less common than they are now, and if you go back in time twenty years. China didn’t break the two million vehicle mark until around the year 2000, but a decade later it had more than five million. That means that at any time, a significant percentage of the people driving on China’s roads only have a few years of experience. Sometimes, that leads to questionable driving decisions, and that can cause gridlock when those decisions lead to blocked roads for one reason or another. China’s driver education is not great. Driver education schools often only teach driving on closed courses, so new graduates are literally taking to the roads for the first time when they get behind the wheel. And because of corruption in the system, some new drivers haven’t taken any classes at all. As a result, China has a lot of accidents: its traffic fatality rate per 100,000 cars is 36, which is more than double the United States, and several times more than European countries like the UK, France, Germany, and Spain (which all have rates under 10).There are just too many people. Even with great driver education, wider roads, and fewer people buying cars, traffic jams would still be likely in a city like Beijing, which is host to more than twenty million people. What Does the Chinese Government Do About Traffic? The government has worked hard to create public transportation infrastructure that takes pressure off cities roads. Nearly every major city in China is building or expanding a subway system, and the prices of these systems are often subsidized to make them extremely enticing. Beijing’s subway, for example, costs as little as 3 RMB ($0.45 as of March 2019). Chinese cities also generally have extensive bus networks, and there are buses going virtually everywhere you could imagine. The government has also worked to improve long-distance travel, building new airports and rolling out a massive network of high-speed trains designed to get people where they’re going faster and keep them off the highways. Finally, city governments have also taken restrictive measures to limit the number of cars on the road, like Beijing’s even-odd rule, which stipulates that only cars with even- or odd-numbered license plates can be on the road on any given day (it alternates). What Do Regular People Do About Traffic? They avoid it as best they can. People who want to get where they’re going quickly and reliably generally take public transportation if they’re traveling in a city around rush hour. Biking is also a common way of avoiding the gridlock if you’re headed somewhere nearby. People also tend to be accommodating when it comes to the realities of rush-hour traffic in China; taxis, for example, often pick up more than one passenger at a time during busy hours to ensure they’re not spending hours sitting in traffic with a single fare. And Chinese subways get jam-packed with passengers during rush hour. It’s uncomfortable, but people have put it with it. Spending 30 minutes getting home in an uncomfortable subway car beats spending 3 hours in a slightly-more-comfortable regular car, at least for most people.

Family Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Family Communication - Essay Example When considering verbal messages, which helps family members to understand each other in a better light, it helps to build better relationships within the family. Current research carried out utilizes first person narratives and other family functions to analyze patterns of interactions carried out within the family.It also examines the communication processes of different family members in relation to its ethnic patterns, structure, and their progressive experiences which in turn affect and is affected by the society at large. Understanding the patterns of verbal messages within the family is a great asset to its members and this is partly achieved by understanding communication within the family because it is the communication that shapes and is shaped by family relationships. For example, a couple who attends marriage education classes would be in a better position to communicate with each other on a much better level both verbally and non–verbally. Therefore by changing th eir communication habits after marriage, it would have a major positive effect on their relationship, not only with each other but towards other members in thefamily. Another example of this would be of siblings growing close to each other when they lose both parents. They learn to communicate with each other verbally by sharing all their joys and sufferings even after they marry and move away from each other.Non-abusive parents use more verbal â€Å"time-outs, privilege denials, and explanation of consequences to discipline their children.

One Page Response on 'Wayward Puritans' by KAI ERIKSON Essay

One Page Response on 'Wayward Puritans' by KAI ERIKSON - Essay Example One classic example to this is cannibalism. Most societies deem this as immoral but there are few communities that practice it thinking that eating their enemies will strengthen them, or similar to that line. The article enlightened my perspective in understanding deviant behavior. A group has subjective boundaries, something that changes through time depending on the experiences and situation that they are subjected to. These experiences become the string that attaches each member to each other, forming the community’s spirit and conformity. These experiences also set the behaviors that conforms and deviates with the group. It is important to note that when someone behaves differently from the group, it does not automatically mean that they are deviant. There are still levels of deviance that the group tolerates, being expected deviance such as teenagers behaving raucously. With this, the study of deviance revolves not one the individual that behaves differently but on the re actions and responses of the group that the individual belongs to. Deviance has and will always be part of our lives. I may have done deviant deeds but not to the extent that the group will shun me and discriminate me. This opened my eyes that our actions will always depend on our social environment.

Provide an analysis of the segmentation, targeting and positioning Essay

Provide an analysis of the segmentation, targeting and positioning strategy of a brand of your choice. Within your analysis you - Essay Example The STP strategy of Coca-Cola BlaK Segmentation strategy Coca Cola BlaK has been one of the major designs that Coca Cola developed to recover its declining sales during 2005. The BlaK drink was not only a flavour extension, but rather a stimulating blend of variety of coke refreshment, with quality coffee essence and lightly carbonated with an aim to appeal to adult consumers (singleservecoffee.com, 2006). The company targeted a specific segment for marketing BlaK, comprising of adult, 30-over savvy sophisticated achievers. Segmentation is a company’s key marketing dimensions to set strategic framework and are marketing processes used to identify the right customers of a company (Bygrave and Zacharakis, 2010, p. 170). Almost all companies segment its markets, breaking down the total market of a product or service in to distinct sub-groups (Lancaster and Reynolds, 2001, p. 68) such as Geographical (region/population density), demographic (age, sex, marital status, socio-economi c status, social class, religion etc), psychographic (life-style, personality, self-image etc) and behavioural (rate, volume, occasion, brand loyalty) (Stone and Desmond, 2007, p. 175). When it comes to the case of BlaK, the company identified an opportunity for BlaK from various regions including US, France, Spain, Czech Republic and later in Canada and UK. Demographically, its market was high-class, sophisticated achievers (Farr, 2007). The example of BlaK cola shows that extensive research often requires for an effective segmentation and targeting. As Loudon, Stevens and Wrenn (2004) pointed, a highly customized method of segmentation based upon extensive research and up to date data requires a high degree of expertise in research (p. 33). Coca-cola company has invested heavily in researches during 2002 about users and their perceptions of coke products. This research brought the significance of coke for adults who are between 30 and 50 age savvy people who are less likely to use Coca Cola’s other brands. The company executives thus thought to develop a unique drink merging ordinary coke with an energy drink or coffee essence aimed at adults over 30 savvy people (Wilbert, 2006). This research helped the company identify a hidden market opportunity and find a market segment which was until then left-untouched. Targeting Strategy Coca-Cola company targeted mainly the male demographics with ingredient of coffee essence. The Coca Cola BlaK was appealed mainly to older, more sophisticated and over-30 customers who are likely to spend more (Lamb, Hair and McDaniel, 2008, p. 258). A marketer may target a group of people or organizations by designing, implementing and maintaining a market mix in order to meet the needs of that specific group (Lamb, Hair and McDaniel, 2008, p. 220). When it comes to BlaK, the research conducted by Coca Cola found that there is an opportunity for a drink, being made quite unique with additional coffee essence, targeted for mal e-adults who are over-30 savvy and sophisticated achievers. the target was thus very specific. When a specific group is targeted, various marketing mixes like price, product, place and promotion can be developed according to the needs, behaviour and specific requirement of the targeted group. Ferrell and Hartline (2008) emphasized that a firm can adopt any or more

Genes And Other Factors Of Happiness Psychology Essay

Genes And Other Factors Of Happiness Psychology Essay Genes and circumstances contribute equally to human happiness in the short term, but genes and neurotransmitters cause  80% of the range of happiness people feel in the long term, according to recent research in behavioral genetics and neurochemistry (Sharpe and Bryant 2008:1-9) 1. Genetic information derived from scientific explorations of genetic traits may have important links to understanding the basis for feelings of well-being and potentially the phenomena associated with human happiness. While non-genetic oriented research of social, political, public policy, theology and economic studies have addressed the impact of social and institutional environments on mass political attitudes and behaviors, there is a paucity of solid research on the interrelation and influence of genetic and environmental factors on these parameters. The neuroscience and genes experiments have entailed basic propositions of well being and happiness into human brain which has made science unique. On th e other hands, Social Sciences especially economics, political science, theology or public policy has endeavored different aspects and corners of happiness research which made the issue not much different from what gene, neuroscience and psychology researchers have got. This paper would discuss the inevitability of the Science -Social Science Nexus in Happiness research and the findings. Keywords: Happiness, Genes, Science Social Science Nexus, Factors of Happiness. Introduction: Across culture, people rate subjective well being as most important elements of their life and more important than material success (Diener, 2000)2. Subjective well being is equally treated here as Happiness. In this paper we explore neurogenetics determination and its relationships with social science research on happiness throughout our lives. The abovementioned classical saying from Diener has got great value in Happiness Research. Despite the fact, the invention of Genetics Research during late 1800s flames the fire on Nature versus Nurture debate which has caused a rift within the scientific community, with researchers and theorists passionately defending both sides of the argument. Furthermore the Social science Researchers on Happiness has raised more issues which has become complicated to the neurogenetics researchers and by thus the inevitability of Social science and science nexus in happiness research has become more realistic. This holds especially true in the discourse of the determination of ones happiness.Resaerchers debate Human biological make up, i.e., the happiness is determined by configuration of human genetics. Even happiness is known to be related to personality traits. However, to date, nobody has examined whether personality and subjective well-being share a common genetic structure (Weiss, Bates and Luciano, 2008)3. Its novel approach to scientific analysis fusing biology, psychology and sociology was convincing to some researchers, but also thought of as unsubstantiated and too restrictive by others. The divisive line between those that supported the study of genetics within human behavioral research and those that simply dismissed its findings only grew with time, as more controversial theories and concepts began to emerge. A result of this conflict between nature and nurture is a lack of communication between both sides of the argument. Researchers tend to view genetics and life events as separate entities working to determine which one has greater power over the other in shaping emotional status. Genetics theorists such as David Lykken and Auke Tellegen4 focus most of their experiments on data analysis and genetics testing, while proponents of life events research such as Richard Lucas and Sonja Lyubomirsky use more of the qualitative methods, surveying specific individuals, as was familiar to sociologists. Though the differences between the two sides are stark, the two arguments can work together. Through the revelation of behavioral genetics research it is undeniable that new, significant findings in the realm of sociology will emerge. It cannot be counted out as a major force within the development of human emotion. Nevertheless, the inability of the two sides of this conflict to work together has led to numerous holes in research and conclusions by both points of view. In this paper we intend to prove that behavioral genetics greatly influences human behavior and emotion and should be taken into account in all social science research on individual happiness levels. We will first outline the research on genetics with respect to happiness and how it has evolved. Then we will look at the response to the genetic research by those who argue that happiness is determined by life-events. The final part of the literature will be a discussion of the integration of genetics and life-events, which will include the research which as been completed and that which we believe will further the field. We will then conclude the paper with a summary of the arguments and which side our study has led us to. Methodology: The methodology adopted here is Content Analysis, historical data analysis and analysis of case studies. We have consulted data and analysis of previous reports by scientific and social science experts on happiness research. The methodology is completely based on secondary data analysis and interpretation. In analyzing those data, we have carefully selected data which are related to our themes. We have also used those data and figures to show the science-social sciences nexus of happiness research. Characteristics of Happy People: In her recent study, Lyubomirsky suggests that happiness is determined by three influences: 50% set point or genetic make-up; 40% intentional activity; 10% circumstance (Lyubomirsky 2007).5 In 1996, University of Minnesota researcher David Lykken studied 4,000 sets of twins born in Minnesota from 1936-1955.   After comparing data on identical vs. fraternal twins, he came to the conclusion that 50% of ones satisfaction from life comes from genes. (Lykken, D.   Happiness is a Stochastic Phenomenon.  Ã‚  Minn Psychological Science  7(3), 1996)6 Martin Seligman, PhD, at the University of Pennsylvania taught a single happiness-enhancing strategy to a group of severely depressed people.   These individuals had difficulty staying out of bed.   They were encouraged to log onto a Web site and engage in a simple exercise.   The exercise involved recalling and writing down three good things that happened every day.   Within 15 days, their depression lifted from severe to moderate to mild.   Ninety-four percent reported relief (Authentic Happiness2002).7 Richard Davidson, known by colleagues as the king of happiness research, has been studying the link between prefrontal lobe activity and the sort of deep bliss that people who meditate experience. According to Davidson (2001)8, happiness isnt just a vague, ineffable feeling; its a physical state of the brain-one that you can induce deliberately. As researchers have gained an understanding of the physical characteristics of a happy brain, they have come to see that those traits have a powerful influence on the rest of the body. Numerous studies (Kubzansky, Sparrow, Vokonas, Kawachi, 2001)9 have discovered that happiness or related mental states like hopefulness, optimism, and contentment appear to reduce the risk or limit the severity of cardiovascular disease, pulmonary disease, diabetes, hypertension, colds, and upper respiratory infections as well. The benefits of being happy go beyond the temporary phase of feeling good. Happy people exhibit a high level of energy and can do attitude. They are emotionally intelligent and show more poise and grace in a crisis. Their immune systems are stronger, and they live longer and have more fruitful lives as a result. Over many decades, psychological researchers have begun to place more and more emphasis on understanding influences upon mental and emotional health and well-being. Some of Seligmans own research, for instance, had focused on optimism, a trait shown to be associated with good physical health, less depression and mental illness, longer life, and, yes, greater happiness. Perhaps the most eager explorer of this terrain was University of Illinois psychologist Edward Diener, a.k.a. Dr. Happiness. For more than two decades, Diener had been examining what does and does not make people feel satisfied with life. Seligmans goal was to shine a light on such work and encourage much, much more of it. A recent survey by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found that people ages 20 to 24 are sad for an average of 3.4 days a month, as opposed to just 2.3 days for people ages 65 to 74. The earlier notion where you live makes you happy, has recently been challenged by the work of North and others (North  et al. 2008)10.  They suggest that  happiness can change and underscore the importance of exploring more deeply the role that family relationships play in facilitating such change and this is not related to economic status (Wenz, 1977)11. Similarly, the idea that  marriage increases happiness has been challenged by the evidence that married people may have been happier than single people because the former were happier to begin with. Scientific Research on Happiness: Genes and Happiness: Genes carry the instructions for the construction of neurotransmitters, their receptor and re-absorption portals. They also impart information on such things as their storage and release rates. Hence, genes can influence the prevalence, scarcity, and activity of serotonin and dopamine, and, in turn, whatever behaviors and feelings these neurotransmitters induce. For each of us, our happiness fluctuates within a small range that our genes largely determine. So concludes Dean Hamer in his review of studies on the role of genes in happiness or misery. Hamer12 directs our attention to two of the more than  300  known neurotransmitters, dopamine (the brains chemical for pleasure) and serotonin, the petrochemical for misery. Neurotransmitters pass information from the synapse or junction between a nerve cell and another nerve cell or a muscle. The nerve cells bulbous end releases them from storage when an electrical impulse moving along the nerve reaches it. Then they cross the junction to dock at the other nerve cells receptor, and either prompt or inhibit the impulses along the second cell. The first nerve cell reabsorbs excess neurotransmitters, but not necessarily all of them. Those that remain free-floating help create our happy or miserable states of being. How you feel right now is about equally genetic and circumstantial, says Hamer. But how you will feel on average over the next ten years is fully  80% because of your genes (Hamer  1996:  125).13 Further evidence for a physical/biochemical basis of happiness comes from neuroanatomy.  Richard Lane  and his colleagues preliminary research indicate that feelings of happiness, sadness, and disgust all co-occur with increased brain activity in the thalamus and medial prefrontal cortex. Greater activity near the ventral medial frontal cortex distinguishes happiness from sadness, whilst happiness correlates with significant increases in bilateral activity near the middle and posterior temporal cortex and hypothalamus. Lane concludes that, spatially distributed brain regions participate in each emotion (Lane, et al.  1997:930)14. Identical twins (those with the same genetic makeup) attain the same level of happiness  44  percent of the time. In comparison, fraternal twins, those who share genes as do ordinary siblings, reach the same level only eight percent of the time. Hamer adds: These data show that the broad heritability of well-being is  40  to  50% (Hamer  1996:  125)15. Studies by David Lykken and Auke Tellegen assess the happiness of twins over five to ten years, and show the slight impact of sex, age, race, and marital status, and the short-term influence of job loss or lottery winning. A recent report by psychologists Christopher Lewis and Stephen Joseph16 suggests that the Depression-Happiness Scale (which psychologists use to calculate happiness) measures happiness as a trait rather than a state, with subjects scores on the scale remaining relatively stable over a two-year period. Other studies show that a persons level of happiness remains stable over many years. Inherited genes account for the majority of this level. Figure- 1:  Happiness genes GENE ASSOCIATIONS DRD2 Alcoholism, Substance abuse, craving behavior, cocaine dependence, smoking, ADHD, parenting, Obesity, video gaming, sexual activity, posttraumatic stress disorder schizophrenia, Parkinsons, brain metabolism, BMI, executive functioning, love styles (EROS) pathological gambling. Pathological aggression, schizoid/avoidant behavior, criminal activity, politics party attachment. Energy, hypertension. Hyperphagia, growth, sexual maturation, brain development, depression, anorexia, bulimia, fibromyalgia, pain sensitivity, hunger, novelty seeking, extraversion, early onset sexual intercourse, defense style (lying), oppositional defiant disorder, panic disorder, developmental personality, Tourette Syndrome, Parkinsons, executive dysfunctioning, pleasure buzz ANNKI Smoking dependence, parental rule-setting, Schizophrenia, cognition deficit, alcohol and opiate dependence, pleasurable buzz, 5HT2A Eating disorders, obesity, Insulin resistance, love styles (romantic), suicide, ADHD, Panic disorders, impulsive aggression, cognitive impulsivity, anger, sweet tooth, antidepressant treatment outcomes, fibromyalgia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, borderline personality, smoking behavior, cocaine dependence, BMI. OPRK1 (kappa -opioid receptor) Alcohol and heroin dependence. Pain mechanisms and tolerance. OPRM1 (mu opioid   receptorreceptor) Pleasure buzz, smoking addiction, heroin addiction, alcoholism, pain sensitivity, BMI, type 2 diabetes mellitus. COMT Psychiatric and affective disorders, alcoholism, substance use disorder, smoking, post-surgical pain, fibromyalgia, Parkinsons disease, ADHD. SLC6A3 Post-surgical pain, cocaine abuse, alcohol dependence, smoking behavior, juvenile delinquency, pathological aggression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, ADHD, impulsive aggression, cognitive impulsivity. HTR3B Heroin addiction, migraine, impulsive behavioral aggression, cognitive -impulsivity, ADHD, alcoholism. NOS3 Pain mechanism, healing mechanisms, circulation, hypertension, cardiovascular. PPARG Type 2 diabetes, Obesity, Insulin sensitivity, Body composition, eating disorders, BMI, physical exercise, common metabolic disorders, body mass, waist circumference, inflammatory response, immune system. CHREBP Plasma triglycerides, triglyceridemia, obesity ,,improves plasma glucose, FTO Severe obesity, food intake, adiposity, body mass, energy intake, BMI, fat mass, pleasurable buzz. TNFalpha Inflammation, mortality, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, BMI, Immune response. PEMT Proinflamamtory, immunoregulation, apotosis, substance use disorder. MANEA Substance dependence LEPTIN-OB BMI, Schizophrenia, stress, obesity risk, food intake, craving behavior, diabetes, insulin sensitivity, adiposity, body composition, linear growth, metabolic factors, hyperphagia, cocaine dependence, lipogenesis, modulation of sweet substances, anorexia, bulimia, cardiovascular effects, fertility, sexual maturation, brain development, depression, fatty acid metabolism, hunger, MAO-A Pain sensitivity, bipolar affective disorder, ADHD, alcoholism, Substance Use Disorder, violent behavior, juvenile delinquency, smoking, child abuse, suicide, criminal activity, posttraumatic stress disorder, anti-depressant treatment response, alcoholism, panic disorder, schizophrenia, pathological gambling. ADIPOQ Metabolic syndrome, adiposity, fat mass, energy intake, obesity, lipogenesis, type 2 diabetes, BMI. STS ADHD VDR Obesity, BMI, overeating, metabolic syndrome, anthropometric measures, schizophrenia, temporal lobe epilepsy, immune system, type 2 diabetes, physical activity, BONE DENSITY (OSTEOPOROSIS). DBI ANXIETY DISORDERS GABRA6 Autism, alcoholism, stresses response. GABRB3 Autism, alcoholism, stress. MTHFR   Cardiovascular disease, Homocysteine levels, obesity, fat mass, Schizophrenia. MLXIPL (CARBOHYDRATE BINDING ELEMENT) Plasma triglycerides, glucose craving behavior, obesity. VEGF Angiogenesis factor, cognition, tissue healing, pain sensitivity, oxidative stress. DRD4 Financial risk taking, nicotine withdrawal, ADHD, novelty seeking, Alcoholism, aggression, impulsivity, delinquency, memory deficits, anger, temperament, schizophrenia, sexual intercourse, drug abuse, extraversion, obesity, stress, emotional reactivity, infant attachment, oppositional defiant disorder, fibromyalgia, hyperphagia, alcohol craving, pathological gambling, panic disorder, developmental personality, Tourette Syndrome, Parkinsons. VMAT2 Antidepressant treatment outcome, Parkinsons, ADHD, cocaine and methamphetamine dependence, spirituality GOD Gene. CLOCK Circadian system, mood, bipolar, endocrine and metabolic rhythms, stress, reproduction, morphine dependence MELETONIN Sleep anxiety, alcoholism OREXIN Hyperphagis and energy regulation Source: Blum, K et.al. (2009)17 The abovementioned Table showed the genes and its associations with different Situations. Genetic factors may also contribute to the drug abuse-derived pleasure form; in one genomic study on rats exposed to chronic methamphetamine abuse, the SLC6A gene and its variants were shown to be altered upon exposure to methamphetamine (Kobeissy, et al., 2008)(Gold, et al., 2009).18 This disorder is due to genetic defects in the dopamine reward pathways. As a result of such defects the natural rewards are no longer sufficient to improve mood and provide pleasure, and affected individuals pursue an excessive amount of unnatural rewards such as from alcohol, nicotine, drugs, gambling, sex and risk taking in the form of dangerous sports, such bungie and base jumping, sky diving, extreme skiing, race car driving, video gaming and others to stimulate their reward pathways. The SLC6A gene is involved in cocaine abuse, alcohol dependence, smoking behavior, juvenile delinquency, pathological aggression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, ADHD, impulsive aggression, cognitive impulsity and is a major component in the happiness gene map (see  Figure 1  and  Table 1). In 1995 Kenneth Blum coined the term RDS (Blum et al. 1996; Comings et al 2000; Blum et al. 2000).19 The fact that drugs of abuse such as alcohol, cocaine, speed and nicotine stimulate the release of dopamine explains part of the question of why humans become addicted to things; this does not explain why some people have serious problems with addictions. While environmental factors play a role, there is a significant variation in addictive potential among individuals exposed to the same environment or even substances ( Hoebel, Avena, Borcarsly, Rada, 2009,  Comings and Blum 2000).20  Ã‚   Another facet of certain environmental elements that may affect ones happiness and ultimately longevity is being in control. Langer (1989)21 carried out a landmark study that suggested that being in control resulted in greater longevity. In his study performed in a nursing home for the elderly, one group of subjects was given a plant and told to look after it, they were responsible for the plants health. Another group was also given a plant but told that the staff would look over the plant. Over the next 18 months twice as many of those who were not in control of their plants died compared to those in control of their plants. A test of this hypothesis has been successfully carried out by others in two strains of rodents. One strain liked drinking alcohol more than drinking water; the other strain did not. If the preference for alcohol was due to a defect in the dopamine D2 receptor, then increasing the level of D2 receptor in the reward pathways should eliminate the alcohol preference. This was accomplished by injecting copies of the D2 receptor gene directly in the nucleus accumbens. This resulted in a temporary over expression of the D2 receptors that lasted several days. The over expression of the D2 receptor gene reduces alcohol intake demonstrating that high levels of the D2 receptor gene are protective against alcohol abuse (Thanos et al 2001).22 Post (2005)23 suggests that altruism and volunteerism are associated with happiness, improved mood, enhanced self-esteem, and better mental and physical health; and that helping others, per se, may be a major part of the increased longevity seen in religious versus non-religious individuals. However others have rejected the idea that religion was a key factor. They concluded in their studies of over 8,832 subjects that volunteering, rather than its religious context, explained the beneficial effects and happiness (Musick  et al. 1999)24.  These findings are not so simple and cannot be taken without understanding that  we really cannot determine whether a confound drives an observed correlation. That is, that correlational data is always vulnerable to potential third-variable confounds. As we stated earlier, wealth does not necessarily correlate with happiness. In fact, as pointed out in Comings25 book  Did Man Create God,  a major reason for the lack of correlation between Gross National Product (GNP) and happiness is that people quickly adapt to a wide range of circumstances. He stated, Someone inheriting or winning a great deal of money may be temporarily be happier, but they soon settle back to their previous innate level of happiness. The same holds for those with progressively increasing yearly incomes. In support of this notion  Allen Parducci  (1995)26 suggested that after each raise, people adapt and return to a previous level of happiness (a set point genetically programmed), a phenomena he termed  hedonic treadmill. Figure-2 Source: Ibid, 2009 27 Psychology and Happiness: For most of its history, psychology has concerned itself with all that ails the human mind: anxiety, depression, neurosis, obsessions, paranoia, delusions, etc., and the behaviors they produce. The goal of practitioners has been to bring patients from a negative ailing state to a neutral normal state. Or, as University of Pennsylvania psychologist Martin Seligman puts it, from a minus five to a zero (Seligman 2002)28. In the tabe-1, we could see that DRD2 genes has associations with the psychological functions like Alcoholism, Substance abuse, craving behavior, cocaine dependence, smoking, ADHD, parenting, Obesity, video gaming, sexual activity, posttraumatic stress disorder schizophrenia, Parkinsons, brain metabolism, BMI, executive functioning, love styles (EROS) pathological gambling. Pathological aggression, schizoid/avoidant behavior, criminal activity, politics party attachment. Energy, hypertension. Hyperphagia, growth, sexual maturation, brain development, depression, anorexia, bulimia, fibromyalgia, pain sensitivity, hunger, novelty seeking, extraversion, early onset sexual intercourse, defense style (lying), oppositional defiant disorder, panic disorder, developmental personality, Tourette Syndrome, Parkinsons, executive dysfunctioning, pleasure buzz etc. At the same time, the gene like ANNKI has the effects on Smoking dependence, parental rule-setting, Schizophrenia, cognition deficit, alcohol and opiate dependence, pleasurable buzz. The gene 5HT2A has got associations with Eating disorders, obesity, Insulin resistance, love styles (romantic), suicide, ADHD, Panic disorders, impulsive aggression, cognitive impulsivity, anger, sweet tooth, antidepressant treatment outcomes, fibromyalgia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, borderline personality, smoking behavior, cocaine dependence, BMI. Genes like OPRK1 (kappa -opioid receptor) has associations with the Alcohol and heroin dependence. Pain mechanisms and tolerance. OPRM1 (mu opioid   Receptor) has associations with Pleasure buzz, smoking addiction, heroin addiction, alcoholism, pain sensitivity, BMI, type 2 diabetes mellitus. COMT has associations with Psychiatric and affective disorders, alcoholism, substance use disorder, smoking, post-surgical pain, fibromyalgia, Parkinsons disease, ADHD. SLC6A3 genes are associated with Post-surgical pain, cocaine abuse, alcohol dependence, smoking behavior, juvenile delinquency, pathological aggression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, ADHD, impulsive aggression, cognitive impulsivity. Heroin addiction, migraine, impulsive behavioral aggression, cognitive -impulsivity, ADHD, alcoholism is attached with the gene HTR3B. Pain mechanism, healing mechanisms, circulation, hypertension, cardiovascular are associated with the genes NOS3. Type 2 diabetes, Obesity, Insulin sensitivity, Body composition, eating disorders, BMI, physical exercise, common metabolic disorders, body mass, waist circumference, inflammatory response, immune system are affected with the genes PPARG. Plasma triglycerides, triglyceridemia, obesity ,,improves plasma glucose are asssociated iwth the genes CHREBP. Severe obesity, food intake, adiposity, body mass, energy intake, BMI, fat mass, pleasurable buzz are associated with the genes FTO. Inflammations, mortality, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, BMI, Immune response are associated with the gene TNFalpha. Proinflamamtory, immunoregulation, apotosis, substance use disorder are associated with the gene PEMT. Substance dependence is also associated with the gene MANEA. BMI, Schizophrenia, stress, obesity risk, food intake, craving behavior, diabetes, insulin sensitivity, adiposity, body composition, linear growth, metabolic factors, hyperphagia, cocaine dependence, lipogenesis, modulation of sweet substances, anorexia, bulimia, cardiovascular effects, fertility, sexual maturation, brain development, depression, fatty acid metabolism, hunger have great effects of the gene LEPTIN-OB. Pain sensitivity, bipolar affective disorder, ADHD, alcoholism, Substance Use Disorder, violent behavior, juvenile delinquency, smoking, child abuse, suicide, criminal activity, posttraumatic stress disorder, anti-depressant treatment response, alcoholism, panic disorder, schizophrenia, pathol ogical gambling are also affected by the gene MAO-A. Metabolic syndrome, adiposity, fat mass, energy intake, obesity, lipogenesis, type 2 diabetes, BMI has the same associations with the gene ADIPOQ. ADHD has the associations with the gene STS. Obesity, BMI, overeating, metabolic syndrome, anthropometric measures, schizophrenia, temporal lobe epilepsy, immune system, type 2 diabetes, physical activity, BONE DENSITY (OSTEOPOROSIS) has associations with the gene VDR. Anxiety Disorders has associations with the gene DBI. Autism, alcoholism, stress response has association with the gene GABRA6. Autism, alcoholism, stress has strongest associations with the gene GABRB3. Cardiovascular disease, Homocysteine levels, obesity, fat mass, Schizophrenia has associations with the gene MTHFR. Plasma triglycerides, glucose craving behavior, obesity has associations with the gene MLXIPL (CARBOHYDRATE BINDING ELEMENT). Angiogenesis factor, cognition, tissue healing, pain sensitivity, oxidative stress has associations with the gene VEGF. Financial risk taking, nicotine withdrawal, ADHD, novelty seeking, Alcoholism, aggression, impulsivity, delinquency, memory deficits, anger, temperament, schizophrenia, sexual intercourse, drug abuse, extrav ersion, obesity, stress, emotional reactivity, infant attachment, oppositional defiant disorder, fibromyalgia, hyperphagia, alcohol craving, pathological gambling, panic disorder, developmental personality, Tourette Syndrome, Parkinsons has association with the gene DRD4. Antidepressant treatment outcome, Parkinsons, ADHD, cocaine and methamphetamine dependence, spirituality GOD Gene has association with the gene VMAT2. CLOCK gene is associated with Circadian system, mood, bipolar, endocrine and metabolic rhythms, stress, reproduction, morphine dependence. Sleep anxiety, alcoholism is associated with the gene MELETONIN. OREXIN gene has associations with Hyperphagis and energy regulation. So from the above analysis what we could see is that several genes have had associations with the psychological orders and disorders of human body and mind. Genes like DRD2 and DRD4, ANNKI, COMT, SLC6A3, TNFalpha, PEMT, LEPTIN-OB, MAO-A, ADIPOQ, STS, VDR, DBI, GABRA6, GABRA3, MTHFR, VEGF, VMAT2, CLOCK, MELETONIN, OREXIN has associations with the Psychological disorders like Sleep anxiety, mood, bipolar, endocrine and metabolic rhythms, stress, reproduction, morphine dependence, cocaine and methamphetamine dependence, spirituality GOD Gene, Financial risk taking, nicotine withdrawal, ADHD, novelty seeking, Alcoholism, aggression, impulsivity, delinquency, memory deficits, anger, temperament, schizophrenia, sexual intercourse, drug abuse, extraversion, obesity, stress, emotional reactivity, infant attachment, oppositional defiant disorder, fibromyalgia, hyperphagia, alcohol craving, pathological gambling, panic disorder, developmental personality, Tourette Syndrome, Angiogenesis factor , cognition, pain sensitivity, oxidative stress, obesity, obesity, Schizophrenia, alcoholism, stress response, Anxiety disorders, bipolar affective disorder, ADHD, alcoholism, Substance Use Disorder, violent behavior, juvenile delinquency, smoking, child abuse, suicide, criminal activity, posttraumatic stress disorder, anti-depressant treatment response, alcoholism, panic disorder. But the most interesting thing is that not all the genes have the same disorders, rather each of the different genes has different syndroms which affects happiness of human being. But most interesting things is that more genes has associations with the same disorders like Schizophrenia of human being which seriously affects happiness. As well as more genes has the same affects like panic disorders which also affected happiness. In one hand, this is the genes associations with Psychology and happiness and on the other hands, there are more factors involved in the Psychology and happiness. James Montier29, a global equity strategist, has concluded with the almost same view of happiness where genes have the greatest associations with human happiness. About 50% of individual happiness comes from a  genetic set point.  That is, were each predisposed to a certain level of happiness. Some of us are just naturally more inclined to be cheery than others. About 10% of our happiness is due to our  circumstances.  Our age, race, gender, personal history, and, yes, wealth, only make up about one-tenth of our happiness. The remaining  40% of an individuals happiness seems to be derived from  intentional activity, from discrete actions or practices that people can choose to do. Economist Richard A. Easterlin30 at the University  was among the first to notice the paradoxical disconnection between a nations economic growth and the growth of its happiness. The Easterlin Paradox was once thought to be limited to rich

ben franklin Essay -- essays research papers

Ben Franklin Ben Franklin became famous for being a scientist, an inventor, a statesman, a printer, a philosopher, and a librarian. Today, we honor Ben Franklin as one of the men who founded America and as one of America's greatest citizens. Benjamin Franklin was born in Boston on January 17, 1706. He was the tenth son of soap maker, Josiah Franklin. Though Ben only had one year of schooling he was educated and loved to read and write. He worked as an apprentice to his brother, James, who was a printer, when he was fifteen years old. At the age of seventeen, Ben ran away and started a new life in Philadelphia as a result of arguments with James. Franklin found work as an apprentice printer and did so well the provincial governor of Pennsylvania promised to set him up a business if he traveled to England to buy supplies. The governor never followed up on his promise and Benjamin was forced to spend several months in England doing print work. On returning home, he opened up his own printing business. Around this period of time, in 1728, Ben fathered a child, William, of whom the mother is not known. Two years later he married his childhood sweetheart, Deborah Read. Not only did the Franklins own a print shop, they also opened a store selling almost everything and a bookstore. Ben Franklin had many accomplishments and was very successful in life. His newspaper, The Pennsylvania Gazette, was one of the most successful papers in the colonies. He first published Poor Richard’s...